CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background
of the problem
Weed
is a plant that grows at the wrong time and place. The presence of weeds is
undesirable by humans because it can be a competitor for staple plants, in
terms of absorption of light, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and soil nutrients. This
situation will have an impact on plant growth including reducing the number and
organs of plants, stunting, and the emergence of damage in some parts of the
plant due to nutrient deficiency. According to Harsono, it is stated that yield
losses due to weed disturbance can range from 20% to 80%, depending on the type
and density of weeds and the time of the disturbance.
Classification
of weed is needed to make easier for exploring or identifying weeds. Basic
classification in a kind of weed is depend on particular needs. Weeds can be
distinguished by morphology, life cycle, habitat, plant texture, and also by
the effect for plantation plant.
Morphology
of weed is divided into some group, such as: grasses, sedges, broad leaf, and
ferns. Grasses is a weed that has size varies, the plant growth up and sweep,
can live in a years. The stem has node
and internode. The leaves growth in interspesed with nodes, consist of sheath
and leaf strands, e.g: Axonopus
compressus, Imperata cylindrica, and Leersia
hexandra. Weeds with broad leaf generally consist of dicotil plants and
some monocots. The leaf is widen, growth up, and sweep, e.g: Ageratum conyzoides, Melastoma
malabathricum, and Commelina
nudiflora. The sedges weed has a shape like grasses, but we can see the
differences in stem that has triangle shaped, e.g: Cyperus rotundus,
Fimbristylis miliacea,and
Cyperus kyllingia. The ferns weed is generally reproduce by vertical spore
or horizontal, e.g: Stenochlena palustris and Dicranopteris
linearis.
Weed by the lifecylce is divided into annual weeds,
biannual weeds, and perrenial weeds. Annual weeds lifecycle
is start from germination, reproduction, until die during a year. In general,
this kind of weed is easy to control but it growth quickly with so much seeds.
So that, the fee in controlling this annual weeds is bigger that usual. E.g: Ehinochloa
colonum, Ageratum conyzoides, and Amaranthus
spinosus. Biannual weeds live more that a year, but less than two
year. in the first years, this weed produce roset, and the second years they
are flowering, produce seeds, and die. E.g: Verbascum thapsus and Cirsium
vulgare. Perennial weeds produce vegetative organ continously so they are
enable to live more than two years. It has double reproduction organ, in generative
with seeds and vegetative with rhizome, tuber, stolon, and leaves generally
classified into seasonal weeds.
Weed by habitat divided into aquatic weeds,
teresterial weeds, and aerial weeds. Terestrial weeds is a weed that growth in
dry land, consist of annual, biannual, and perennial weeds, grasses, broad
leaf, or sedges. Aquatic weeds growth in wet areal such as rice field, lakes,
pond, swamp, etc. It growth in water by down of water, float, or sink or half
sink in water. E.g: Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, and Limnocharis
flava. Aerial weeds is a weed that lived in another
plant. This kind of weed sometimes may be parasite or ephifit and lived within adhere
in other plants, e.g: Cuscuta sp., Desmodium sp., etc
Weeds
by the effect for plantation plant is classified into A,B,C,D,and E. A is mean
this weed is so dangerous and need to control quickly untill clean of them, B
is a weed that harmfull for cultivation plant and need to control. C is weed that also harmfull for cultivation
plant but to control this kind of weed depends on fee availability and
aesthetic aspect for the plantation. D is class of weed that not so harmfull
for the plantation, but still need to control. E is a kind of weed that
generally has a benefit for plantation plant such as a green compost. This
weeds is abandoned upper the land but it still need to control if growth closed
the plant area. In
addition, this weed has predominance than other weeds, such as: a good areal
control, seeds dormance, adaptation, and growth spreadly.
According to this background of problem, we need to
classified many unknown species of weeds and identify some of weeds spesies to
make the characterization.
B. Purpose
The
following below is purpose of this research,
1. To
figure out what kind of weed classification based on morphology, life cycle,
habitats, and the effect for plantation plants
2. To
see the differences in every kind of weed based on weed characteristic
3. To
know weed capital names,latin, and english
BAB II LITERATURE REVIEW
Weed is a plant that is
associated with cultivation plants in the habitat that made by human. In the
artificial habitat, weeds do competition with cultivation plants. The
competition occurs because of the small growing space between weeds and plants (Moenandir,
2010).
These losses include
weeds reducing the quality and quantity of staple crops, weeds can poison the
staple plants (allelopathy), weeds can reduce the value of land, weeds can
damage agricultural equipment or hinder the use of these tools, weeds can
increase production costs, and weeds can host pests and diseases (Sembodo,
2010).
Weeds can be classified
based on their life cycle, habitat, ecology, taxonomic classification, and
responses to herbicides. Based on the known life cycle of annual weeds whose
annual life and perennial weeds. Based on its habitat consists of terrestrial
weeds, and aquatic weeds. Based on the known ecology of rice field weeds, dry
land weeds, plantation weeds, and swamp weeds or reservoirs. Based on taxonomic
classifications consisting of monocot weeds, dicot weeds, and weed ferns. Based
on responses to herbicides, weeds are grouped into broadleaf weeds, grasses,
and sedges (Hamid, 2010).
Teki (sedges) have
triangular stems, sometimes round and not hollow, the leaves come from nodia and
a deep purple color. This weed has a rhizoma and tuber system. A prominent
characteristic is the rapid formation of new tubers which can be dormant in
certain environments. With these characters, the puzzle becomes relatively
difficult to control manually. Grasses are easily distinguished because they
have round or flat and hollow stems, similar to puzzles because the shape of
the leaves is equally narrow, but in terms of control, especially the response
to different herbicides. Broad-leaf weeds form broad leaves derived from the
growth of the apical meristem and are very sensitive to chemicals. On the
surface of the leaf, especially the lower surface there is a stomata that
allows fluid to enter. These weeds have shoots in the nodes or leaf scatter points.
(Gunar,2012)
Based on its life cycle
weeds are divided into annual, annual and annual weeds. Annual weeds are weeds
that have a life cycle of only one year or less from seed germination to
produce more seeds. Weed annuals can be divided into two groups, namely winter
(winter annuals) and summer (summer annuals). Summer weeds will germinate in
the spring, produce seeds and then die in the summer of the same year. Winter
weeds will germinate in autumn, rest in winter, grow again to produce seeds and
then die in the next spring or summer. Weed two seasons is a weed that can live
more than one year but less than two years. In the initial growth phase,
sprouts are usually in the form of a rosette. After experiencing winter the
flowers are formed followed by the formation of seeds and then die. Annual
weeds are weeds that can live more than two years. The characteristic of this
type of weed is that every year growth starts with the same roots. The woody
weeds group includes all plants whose stems form secondary branches. Woody
weeds are also called hard weeds. Its nature causes different control methods
with soft weeds. Aquatic weeds are plants that adapt to the state of continuous
water or are least tolerant of watery soil conditions for a period of their
life time. In practice water weeds are classified as marginal (edge), emergent
(a combination of drowning and floating), submerged (floating), anchored with
floating leaves (sinking), freefloating (floating), and plankton or algae (Sembodo,2010)
In addition to those
mentioned above weeds also have vines, epiphytes and parasites. The character
of creepers is twining and climbing can cause a large area closure and fast.
Propagators sometimes also epiphytes or hemiparasites. As a result of this type
of weed attack is the host plant will lose leaves because its branches have
been killed by the parasite (Gunar,2012).
Weeds can also be
classified based on their effects on plantation crops. Based on these
influences, it is known that Class A is very dangerous to plantation crops and
needs to be eradicated. For example: Mikania
sp, and Mimosa sp. Class B is detrimental to plantation crops and need to
be controlled. Examples:Lantana camara,
Melastoma malabathricum. Class C is detrimental to plantation crops and
need to be controlled, but control time is adjusted according to circumstances.
For example: Axonophus compressus,
Cynodon dactylon.. D is less detrimental to plantation crops, but need
control measures. For example: Ageratum
conyzoides and Digitaria. And E is a weed that is useful for plantation
crops, commonly used as green fertilizer, and belongs to the LCC (Legume Cover
Crop) group. Examples: Calopogonium
mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria javanica (Barus,2010)
The most simple and
commonly used grouping of weeds is to group them according to their habitat
namely; agrestal or segetal, ruderal, grassland weed, water weed, forest weed,
and environmental weed. Ruderal plants are plants that are not cultivated, grow
in disturbed natural habitats (ruderal) but are not used for production
purposes. Ruderal plants are generally found in places where the ruderal
originates from the Latin rudus which means remnants (in a broad sense). This
includes roadside habitats, railroads, building roofs, pond / lake / swamp /
river edges, landfills, and others (Gunar,2012).
Another kind of weeds except above is based on soil type (Edaphic): (a) Weeds of black cotton soil: These are often closely allied
to those that grow in dry condition e.g. Aristolochia bracteata (b) Weeds of red soils: They are
like the weeds of garden lands consisting of various classes of plants
e.g. Commelina benghalensis (c)
Weeds of light, sandy or loamy soils: Weeds those occur in soils
having good drainage e.g. Leucas aspera (d) Weeds of laterite soils: e.g. Lantana camara,
Spergula arvensis. Based
on Origin (a) Indigenous weeds: All the native weeds of the country
come under this group and most of the weeds are indigenous.e.g. Acalypha
indica, Abutilon indicum (b)
Introduced or Exotic weeds: These are the weeds introduced from
other countries. These weeds are normally troublesome and control becomes
difficult.e.g. Parthenium hysterophorus, Phalaris minor, Acanthospermum
hispidum. In addition, weed also classified based on soil pH.
Based on pH of the soil the weeds can be classified into three categories.(a) Acidophile – Acid soil weeds
e.g. Rumex acetosella, (b)
Basophile – Saline & alkaline soil weeds e.g. Taraxacum sp.,(c) Neutrophile – Weeds of
neutral soils e.g. Acalypha indica (Ecourse,2012).
Based on its presence in the
plantation, these weeds can be divided into two, that is : 1). Soft weeds,
which are weeds that exist in crop cultivation, oil palm can tolerate. This is
because this type of weed can resist soil erosion. Nevertheless, its growth
must be permanent be controlled. For example babandotan, wedusan and paitan. 2).
Weeds are dangerous, weeds that have high competitiveness to staple crops. For
example, weeds, vines, and engineering. (Sembodo,2010)
BAB III METHODOLOGY
A. Place
and Time
This
research is held on september 12th, 2019
at Plant Physiology Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty Of Andalas University, Padang.
B. Tools
and Material
The
tools that we used in this research are camera and @plant.net apps. The
materials are 2 grasses weeds, 2 sedges weeds, 2 broad leaf weeds, 2 annual
weed, 2 biannual weeds, 2 perennial weeds, 2 aquatic weed and 2 terrestrial
weeds.
C. Methodology
Take
the pictures of all the weeds and then classified them based on their
characteristic. Then,Write the observation result on the paper.
BAB IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
The
result after research in laboratory are description in the table below :
Table 2. The
results of the classification and characteristics of various types of weeds.
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picture
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Regional names, Latin names, English names
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Classification
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characteristics
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Ganggang
Rantai,
Hydrilla verticillata
(L. f.) Royle,
Chain
Algae
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Kingdom: Plantae
Super Division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Hydrocharitales
Family: Hydrocharitaceae
Genus: Hydrilla
Species: Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle
(Hutauruk,2014)
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The leaves, small
in shape, are arranged around the trunk.
Stems, branching and growing horizontally as stolons that in some places
form the roots of fibers.
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Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f,
Floating Pennywort
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Kingdom: Plantae
Domain:
Eukaryota
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum:
Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Family:
Araliaceae (formerly Apiaceae)
Genus: Hydrocotyle
Spesies: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f
Synonim: Hydrocotyle natans Cirillo
(cabi.org)
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Appearance,Hydrocotyle
ranunculoides is a glabrous, stoloniferous, perennial
aquatic plant. The stems float in the water or grow up onto the shore and the
plants root freely from nodes about every 1.2-4 in (3-10 cm).
Foliage,The leaves
are 2-6 cm in diameter and somewhat rounded with 3-7 lobes. The leaf margins
are smooth to scalloped. Stalks from (5-35 cm) long are attached to the leaf
edge.
Flowers,The small
white, greenish, or yellow flowers are held in umbels at the ends of 0.4-2 in
(1-5 cm) long flower stalks. Each flower has 5 tiny petals.
Fruit,The fruit
is 0.04-0.12 in (1-3 mm) long, elliptic to round. It is flattened with faint
ribs and is divided into 2 halves.
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Rosmarin,
Rosmarinus
officinalis L., Rosemary
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Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheobionta
Phylum: magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub-class: Asteridae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Rosmarinus
Species: Rosmarinus Officinalis L.
(link.springer.com)
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Perennial
Seed Propagated
Shrub
Vegetatively Propagated
Stem: Woody
Leaves: Green and Small
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Pakis
Kayu / Pakis Jantan, Dryopteris
filix-mas (L.) Schott,
Wood
Fern or Male Fern
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Kingdom: Plantae
Sub-kingdom: Viridiplantae
Infra-kingdom: Streptophyta
Superdivision: Embryophyta
division: Tracheophyta
sub-division: polypodiophytina
Class: polypodiopsida
sub-class: polypodidae
Order: Polypoliales
Family: Dryopteriadaceae
Genus: Dryopteris Adans.
Species: Dryopteris filix-mas
(L._ Schott)
(itis.gov)
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Leaves, curled when still young.
Stems of nails are not visible because they are found in the
ground in the form of rhizomes, very short, some can reach up to 5 meters as
in tree nails or pole nails. Fibrous roots
in the form of rhizomes, root tips protected by calyphras.
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B. Discussion
Hydrilla verticillata
has the characteristics, namely, leaves: leaves are green, thin, lanceolate,
jagged and thorny edges, 2-4 mm wide, 6-20 mm long. every 3-4 leaves grow in a
circle and form segments on the stem. petiole 0.2 mm in diameter. the stem of the
leaf is red and has one thorn under the surface. (Joselin, 2014). According to
Hutauruk (2014), hydrilla stems are green, upright, slender, and can grow 7 m
in length. the stem is branched and grows horizontally as a stolon which in
certain places grows fibrous roots. hydrilla flower is bisexual or unisexual
flower. flower jewelry can be distinguished between sepals and petals, green
petals and white or other colored sepals 3, stamen 2-3 or more. the flowers are
rarely there, if there will grow on the armpit leaves towards the surface of
the water through a long flower stalk. This plant is a plant whose entire body
sinks below the surface of the water. Hydrilla verticillata breeding occurs
rapidly in the presence of stolons.
According to Phukan et al. (2015), Hydrilla can also grow in
oligotrophic and eutrophic waters. Sediments with high organic content can
accelerate the growth of Hydrilla, although Hydrilla is also found growing on
rocky substrates. This productive plant, in water can grow quickly and can
develop in water from a few centimeters to 20 meters and can function as a
bioremediator (Rondonuwu 2014).
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
grows in stagnant and slowly running water. It colonizes the shallow parts and
banks of rivers, streams, ditches, mill weirs, ponds, lakes, pits, canals and
freshwater marshes. It supports tidal conditions or strong irregular
water-level variations and grows on all types of soil, including peat. It even
grows on drained soils. Once established, it is able to spread into deeper
water by forming extensive floating mats. This growth form allows it to cope
with frequent water-level changes. It grows best at high-nutrient sites,
tolerating turbid water and organic pollution. Establishment also occurs on
banks which remain barren of any other vegetation. Although highly eutrophic,
base-rich sites may be especially susceptible, invasive behaviour also occurs
in more nutrient-poor and even acid conditions. H. ranunculoides prefers sunny
conditions and reaches maximum photosynthetic rates of up to up to 18 µmol CO2
m -2 s -1 at 25–35 °C and a light saturation of ~ 800 µmol photons m-2 s -1 .
The species is resistant to central European winters. Frost causes emergent
parts to die back, but submerged parts persist. Hussner & Lösch,describe
small submerged growth forms of H. ranunculoides under a persistent ice cover
in a North Rhine-Westphalian stream. (Hussner,2012)
Vegetative
growth can be very rapid, with floating mats extending up to 20 cm per day. The
lifecycle of H. ranunculoides in Central Europe, where its growth rate is
highest in the summer months June and July. Starting from small plants or
fragments, plants start growing slowly in spring as soon as the ice melts.
Small leaves (up to 10 cm2 ) are formed that float on the water surface for the
most part (Fig. 4a). With increasing temperature, photoperiod and light
intensity, the leaves become larger and reach a height of up to 40 cm above the
water. The hermaphrodite plants flower and fruit between May and October as the
stands get more and more dense. With temperature and light availability
decreasing in autumn, plants develop smaller fresh leaves. At this time, plants
have both floating and submerged leaves. Most of the leaves die off as night
frosts set in. Floating leaves die when enclosed in ice, but submerged stems
and leaves survive the winter, From the persisting small submerged plants and
leafless stolons, plants grow out again in spring.
Due
to the high regeneration capacity of its shoots and fragments, H. ranunculoides
can reach new regions very easily by means of waterfowl, via water courses and by human intervention.
Both intentional, e.g. through the aquatic nursery trade, and unintentional
distribution (e.g. by boating) commonly occur. Flooding allows it to become
established widely in river valleys. Management activities or water sport
activities that result in the fragmentation of plants facilitate dispersal. New
shoots are formed even from small stem fragments. Up to 90% of stem fragments 1
cm in length and with only one node, with or without leaves, regenerate within
one week; single leaves and internode fragments do not regenerate. Although
suggested, dispersal by means of seeds is not yet documented in the region.
H. ranunculoides can
quickly become an invasive pest when introduced to regions where it is not
native. The following characteristics give it a competitive advantage: high
growth rates; adaptability to changing nutrient conditions; effective
vegetative propagation; plasticity in growth response; overwintering strategies
that allow it to avoid low temperature stress; resistance to herbivory;
resistance to chemical control; and absence of pests and diseases in the
habitats where it is introduced. (invasiveplant.org)
Rosemary is an evergreen, usually erect, bushy shrub up to
2 m tall and wide. Stem indistinctly quadrangular, finely grey pubescent.
Leaves opposite, tufted on the branches, sessile to short petiolate; blade
linear, 1-5 cm x 1-2 mm, base attenuate, margin entire but revolute, apex
obtuse, leathery, dark glossy sea-green and subglabrous above, white-felted
tomentose beneath, aromatically fragrant when crushed. Inflorescence racemose,
axillary, 5- to 10-flowered, 0.5-2.5 cm long, terminating short lateral
branches; pedicel 2-5 mm long; calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, 5-6 mm long,
densely stellate tomentose, upper lip small and 3-dentate, lower lip 2-lobed;
corolla tubular, 2-lipped,10-13 mm long, pale blue or blue (seldom white),
upper lip erect or recurved, 2-lobed, ovate, about 4 mm long, lower lip
3-lobed, about 7 mm long, with large concave middle lobe; 2 anterior stamens
perfect, 7-8 mm long, ascending under the base of the upper lip, 2 posterior
stamens reduced to hardly visible staminodes; pistil with deeply 4-partite
ovary, style incurved, 1.5 cm long ending into 2 short, unequal branches with
stigma. Fruit composed of 4 subglobose to obovoid nutlets, about 2 mm long,
glabrous and smooth.
Seeds of rosemary are slow to germinate
taking about 3-4 weeks before emerging from the soil. To enhance germination
the temperature should remain below 18°C. Seedlings are likewise slow to
develop, becoming a dense shrub with a diameter of 60 cm and a height of 90 cm
only by the end of the second growing season. Flowering is initiated when
plants are 2 or more years old. Under favourable growing conditions and optimal
cultural management, rosemary can remain productive for up to 30 years.
R. officinalis is cultivated in tropical
and temperate regions around the world. Outside of cultivation it grows
primarily in dry, sandy or rocky soils in a temperate climate characterized by
warm summers and mild, dry winters (Floridata, 2014). It can tolerate maritime
exposure and soil types ranging from light (sandy) to medium (loamy), preferring
well-drained soil, and can tolerate soils of any pH ranging from acid, neutral
and basic (alkaline) soils and even very alkaline soils (PFAF, 2014). However,
the species performs poorly in heavy clay soils and wet, poorly-drained soils
in winter are usually fatal (Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder, 2014). It
has low tolerance for shade and thrives under full sun (Missouri Botanical
Garden Plant Finder, 2014).
R.officinalis
is listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012) as “casual alien,
cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, weed” and is reported to be
invasive to Cuba (Oviedo-Prieto et al., 2012). The species is of Mediterranean
origin but is cultivated pantropically for medicinal, culinary, and ornamental
purposes as well as for its essential oils. The species can regenerate by both
seeds and cuttings (Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder, 2014), is tolerant
of heat and drought, and thrives in areas with dry, poor, rocky, and sandy soil
(Floridata, 2014).
Fern (Pteridophyta) are plants that can live with easily in a
variety of habitats both epiphytically, terrestrial and in water .teridophyta
is a divisio plants that already have a true vascular system (cormus), meaning
the body can be clearly distinguished in three main parts, namely roots, stems
and leaves. However, Pteridophyta does not produce seeds for its reproduction.
Group this plant still uses spores as its generative propagation tool, the same
like moss and fungi.
Wood fern (Dryopteris erythrosora) is found within the
largest genus of fernswith more than 200 species at home in damp, wooded areas
of the Northern Hemisphere.
Wood fern plants thrive in moist, rich, well-drained soil.
Like most woodland garden plants, they prefer slightly acidic conditions.
Planting wood ferns in soil enriched with leaf mold, compost or peat moss will
help create good wood fern growing conditions. Wood fern plants require shade
or semi-shade. Like most ferns, wood fern won’t perform well in intense
sunlight, dry soil or extreme temperatures.
BAB
V CLOSING
A. Conclution
There are so much more
weeds in this world that not identify by human or called uknown species so we
need to explore it to find a new spesies. Hydrocotyle
ranunculoides L.f is an invasive weed that grow up in the moist area, an
invasive weed become dangerous if it unconditionaly grow. Hydrilla verticillata is a aquatic weed, we can found in everywhere.
Some weeds are potential to be a biofertilizer such us Hydrilla verticillata. So we recommend to do more identification
for many species weed to found positive effect of weeds.
B. Recommendation
For
the next practice, I hopes it will be better and I think for this material we
can do practice outdoor such us around campuss or visit some place like study
tour.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barus, E. 2010. Pengendalian Gulma di Perkebunan
edisi revisi. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. 104 hlm.
Gunar,Widiyanto. 2012. Identifikasi Dan
Karakterisasi Gulma-Gulma Ruderal Invasif Di Kebun Raya Bogor. IPB:Bogor
Hamid, I. 2010. Identifikasi Gulma pada Areal
Pertanaman Cengkeh (Eugenia Aromatica) di Desa Nalbessy Kecamatan Leksula
Kabupaten Buru Selatan. Jurnal Ilmiah agribisnis dan Perikanan (Agrikan UMMU-
Ternate). 3 (1): 62 – 71
Hussner, A., Denys, L. and van Valkenburg, J.
(2012): NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
– From: Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species –
NOBANIS www.nobanis.org Date of access: 20/11/2019
Http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=11989
date of access 22/11/2019
Https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-2-8178-0058-5_25
date of access 22/11/2019
Https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28068 date of access 21/11/2019
Https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=23098
date of access 22/11/2019
Https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=17535#null
date of access 22/11/2019
Hutauruk, V.O. 2014. Pengaruh
Ekstrak Segar Limut (Hydrilla
Verticillata L.) Danau Toba Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Dan Gambaran Mikrostruktur
Aorta Mencit (Mus Musculusl.). Universitas Sumatera Utara:Medan
Joselin,M. 2014. Karakterisasi
Simplisia Dan Skrining Fitokimia Serta Uji Aktivitas dan Ekstrak Air dan
Ekstrak Etanol Hidrilla (Hydrilla
Verticillata (L.F.) Royle. Universitas Sumatera Utara: Medan.
Missouri Botanical Garden Plant
Finder, 2014. Missouri Botanical Garden
Moenandir, J. 2010. Ilmu Gulma. Universitas
Brawijaya Press (UB Press). Malang. 162 hlm
Oviedo-Prieto, R., Herrera-Oliver,
P., Caluff, M.G., 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive
plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas
invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea:
Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba,
6(Special Issue 1):22-96.
Rondonuwu, S.B., 2014, Fitoremediasi Limbah Merkuri
Menggunakan Tanaman dan Sistem Reaktor, Ilmiah Sains, 14(1), pp.52–60.
Sembodo, D. R. J. 2010. Gulma dan Pengelolaannya.
Penerbit Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 168 hlm
Phukan, P., Phukan, R. dan Phukan, S.N., 2015. Heavy
metal uptake capacity of Hydrilla verticillata : A commonly available Aquatic
Plant. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 4(3), pp.35– 40.
ATTACHMENT
1. Documentation
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No.
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Picture
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information
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1.
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Weeds
that grow wild around the campus of Unand
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2.
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One
of so many kind terresterial weeds
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3.
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Some
of aquatic weed
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4.
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Sedges
and grasses weed
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